An iridoid glycoside with diverse biological activities; reduces 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells at 10 μM; reduces high glucose-induced levels of cleaved caspase-3 protein and apoptosis in mouse glomerular mesangial cells at 25, 50, and 100 μM; increases cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic UMR-106 cells; inhibits hypoxia-induced VEGFA secretion, VEGFA and PHD-2 mRNA expression, and protein levels of VEGFA, HIF-1α, and PHD-2 in ARPE-19 cells; prevents retinal neovascularization in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy at 5 and 10 mg/kg